概述
AES(Advanced Encryption Standard)是目前最广泛使用的对称加密算法之一,由美国国家标准与技术研究院(NIST)于2001年确立。本文将用Java从零实现AES-128的核心逻辑,深入讲解密钥扩展、字节替换、行移位、列混淆和轮密钥加五大变换,帮助读者理解现代密码学的数学基础。
算法原理
AES属于分组密码,固定分组长度为128位(16字节),密钥长度支持128、192、256位。AES-128使用10轮迭代,每轮包含四个基本变换:
- SubBytes(字节替换):通过S盒进行非线性替换
- ShiftRows(行移位):对状态矩阵的每一行进行循环移位
- MixColumns(列混淆):在GF(2⁸)域上进行矩阵乘法
- AddRoundKey(轮密钥加):将状态与轮密钥进行异或
Java实现
核心常量定义
public class AES128 {
// AES S盒(256字节)
private static final int[] SBOX = {
0x63, 0x7c, 0x77, 0x7b, 0xf2, 0x6b, 0x6f, 0xc5,
0x30, 0x01, 0x67, 0x2b, 0xfe, 0xd7, 0xab, 0x76,
0xca, 0x82, 0xc9, 0x7d, 0xfa, 0x59, 0x47, 0xf0,
0xad, 0xd4, 0xa2, 0xaf, 0x9c, 0xa4, 0x72, 0xc0,
0xb7, 0xfd, 0x93, 0x26, 0x36, 0x3f, 0xf7, 0xcc,
0x34, 0xa5, 0xe5, 0xf1, 0x71, 0xd8, 0x31, 0x15,
0x04, 0xc7, 0x23, 0xc3, 0x18, 0x96, 0x05, 0x9a,
0x07, 0x12, 0x80, 0xe2, 0xeb, 0x27, 0xb2, 0x75,
0x09, 0x83, 0x2c, 0x1a, 0x1b, 0x6e, 0x5a, 0xa0,
0x52, 0x3b, 0xd6, 0xb3, 0x29, 0xe3, 0x2f, 0x84,
0x53, 0xd1, 0x00, 0xed, 0x20, 0xfc, 0xb1, 0x5b,
0x6a, 0xcb, 0xbe, 0x39, 0x4a, 0x4c, 0x58, 0xcf,
0xd0, 0xef, 0xaa, 0xfb, 0x43, 0x4d, 0x33, 0x85,
0x45, 0xf9, 0x02, 0x7f, 0x50, 0x3c, 0x9f, 0xa8,
0x51, 0xa3, 0x40, 0x8f, 0x92, 0x9d, 0x38, 0xf5,
0xbc, 0xb6, 0xda, 0x21, 0x10, 0xff, 0xf3, 0xd2,
0xcd, 0x0c, 0x13, 0xec, 0x5f, 0x97, 0x44, 0x17,
0xc4, 0xa7, 0x7e, 0x3d, 0x64, 0x5d, 0x19, 0x73,
0x60, 0x81, 0x4f, 0xdc, 0x22, 0x2a, 0x90, 0x88,
0x46, 0xee, 0xb8, 0x14, 0xde, 0x5e, 0x0b, 0xdb,
0xe0, 0x32, 0x3a, 0x0a, 0x49, 0x06, 0x24, 0x5c,
0xc2, 0xd3, 0xac, 0x62, 0x91, 0x95, 0xe4, 0x79,
0xe7, 0xc8, 0x37, 0x6d, 0x8d, 0xd5, 0x4e, 0xa9,
0x6c, 0x56, 0xf4, 0xea, 0x65, 0x7a, 0xae, 0x08,
0xba, 0x78, 0x25, 0x2e, 0x1c, 0xa6, 0xb4, 0xc6,
0xe8, 0xdd, 0x74, 0x1f, 0x4b, 0xbd, 0x8b, 0x8a,
0x70, 0x3e, 0xb5, 0x66, 0x48, 0x03, 0xf6, 0x0e,
0x61, 0x35, 0x57, 0xb9, 0x86, 0xc1, 0x1d, 0x9e,
0xe1, 0xf8, 0x98, 0x11, 0x69, 0xd9, 0x8e, 0x94,
0x9b, 0x1e, 0x87, 0xe9, 0xce, 0x55, 0x28, 0xdf,
0x8c, 0xa1, 0x89, 0x0d, 0xbf, 0xe6, 0x42, 0x68,
0x41, 0x99, 0x2d, 0x0f, 0xb0, 0x54, 0xbb, 0x16
};
// 逆S盒
private static final int[] INV_SBOX = new int[256];
static {
for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
INV_SBOX[SBOX[i]] = i;
}
}
// 轮常数
private static final int[] RCON = {
0x01, 0x02, 0x04, 0x08, 0x10, 0x20, 0x40, 0x80, 0x1b, 0x36
};
private static final int NB = 4; // 列数(32位字)
private static final int NR = 10; // 轮数(AES-128)
private static final int NK = 4; // 密钥字数
// 状态矩阵:4x4字节数组
private int[][] state;
密钥扩展算法
/**
* 密钥扩展:将128位主密钥扩展为11组轮密钥(每组128位)
*/
public int[][] keyExpansion(byte[] key) {
int[][] w = new int[NB * (NR + 1)][4];
// 前NK个字直接复制密钥
for (int i = 0; i < NK; i++) {
w[i][0] = key[4 * i] & 0xFF;
w[i][1] = key[4 * i + 1] & 0xFF;
w[i][2] = key[4 * i + 2] & 0xFF;
w[i][3] = key[4 * i + 3] & 0xFF;
}
// 扩展剩余字
for (int i = NK; i < NB * (NR + 1); i++) {
int[] temp = new int[]{w[i-1][0], w[i-1][1], w[i-1][2], w[i-1][3]};
if (i % NK == 0) {
// RotWord + SubWord + Rcon
temp = rotWord(temp);
temp = subWord(temp);
temp[0] ^= RCON[i / NK - 1];
}
w[i][0] = w[i - NK][0] ^ temp[0];
w[i][1] = w[i - NK][1] ^ temp[1];
w[i][2] = w[i - NK][2] ^ temp[2];
w[i][3] = w[i - NK][3] ^ temp[3];
}
return w;
}
private int[] rotWord(int[] word) {
return new int[]{word[1], word[2], word[3], word[0]};
}
private int[] subWord(int[] word) {
return new int[]{
SBOX[word[0]], SBOX[word[1]],
SBOX[word[2]], SBOX[word[3]]
};
}
核心轮变换
/**
* 字节替换:使用S盒对每个字节进行非线性替换
*/
private void subBytes() {
for (int r = 0; r < 4; r++) {
for (int c = 0; c < 4; c++) {
state[r][c] = SBOX[state[r][c]];
}
}
}
/**
* 逆字节替换
*/
private void invSubBytes() {
for (int r = 0; r < 4; r++) {
for (int c = 0; c < 4; c++) {
state[r][c] = INV_SBOX[state[r][c]];
}
}
}
/**
* 行移位:第i行循环左移i个字节
*/
private void shiftRows() {
for (int r = 1; r < 4; r++) {
int[] temp = new int[4];
for (int c = 0; c < 4; c++) {
temp[c] = state[r][(c + r) % 4];
}
System.arraycopy(temp, 0, state[r], 0, 4);
}
}
/**
* 逆行移位
*/
private void invShiftRows() {
for (int r = 1; r < 4; r++) {
int[] temp = new int[4];
for (int c = 0; c < 4; c++) {
temp[c] = state[r][(c - r + 4) % 4];
}
System.arraycopy(temp, 0, state[r], 0, 4);
}
}
/**
* GF(2^8)上的乘法
*/
private int gmul(int a, int b) {
int p = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
if ((b & 1) != 0) p ^= a;
boolean hiBitSet = (a & 0x80) != 0;
a <<= 1;
if (hiBitSet) a ^= 0x1b; // 模x^8 + x^4 + x^3 + x + 1
b >>= 1;
}
return p & 0xFF;
}
/**
* 列混淆:在GF(2^8)上与固定矩阵相乘
*/
private void mixColumns() {
for (int c = 0; c < 4; c++) {
int a0 = state[0][c], a1 = state[1][c];
int a2 = state[2][c], a3 = state[3][c];
state[0][c] = gmul(a0, 2) ^ gmul(a1, 3) ^ a2 ^ a3;
state[1][c] = a0 ^ gmul(a1, 2) ^ gmul(a2, 3) ^ a3;
state[2][c] = a0 ^ a1 ^ gmul(a2, 2) ^ gmul(a3, 3);
state[3][c] = gmul(a0, 3) ^ a1 ^ a2 ^ gmul(a3, 2);
}
}
/**
* 轮密钥加:状态与轮密钥逐字节异或
*/
private void addRoundKey(int[][] roundKey, int round) {
for (int c = 0; c < 4; c++) {
for (int r = 0; r < 4; r++) {
state[r][c] ^= roundKey[round * 4 + c][r];
}
}
}
加密与解密主流程
/**
* AES-128加密单分组(16字节)
*/
public byte[] encrypt(byte[] input, byte[] key) {
int[][] w = keyExpansion(key);
state = new int[4][4];
// 输入转为状态矩阵(列优先)
for (int c = 0; c < 4; c++) {
for (int r = 0; r < 4; r++) {
state[r][c] = input[r + 4 * c] & 0xFF;
}
}
addRoundKey(w, 0);
for (int round = 1; round < NR; round++) {
subBytes();
shiftRows();
mixColumns();
addRoundKey(w, round);
}
subBytes();
shiftRows();
addRoundKey(w, NR);
// 状态矩阵转输出
byte[] output = new byte[16];
for (int c = 0; c < 4; c++) {
for (int r = 0; r < 4; r++) {
output[r + 4 * c] = (byte) state[r][c];
}
}
return output;
}
/**
* PKCS7填充
*/
public byte[] pkcs7Padding(byte[] data) {
int blockSize = 16;
int padLen = blockSize - (data.length % blockSize);
byte[] padded = new byte[data.length + padLen];
System.arraycopy(data, 0, padded, 0, data.length);
for (int i = data.length; i < padded.length; i++) {
padded[i] = (byte) padLen;
}
return padded;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
AES128 aes = new AES128();
byte[] key = "Thats my Kung Fu".getBytes(); // 16字节密钥
byte[] plaintext = "Two One Nine Two".getBytes();
byte[] ciphertext = aes.encrypt(plaintext, key);
System.out.println("密文: " + bytesToHex(ciphertext));
}
private static String bytesToHex(byte[] bytes) {
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
for (byte b : bytes) {
sb.append(String.format("%02x", b));
}
return sb.toString();
}
}
安全性分析
AES的安全性建立在以下数学基础之上:
- 非线性层(S盒):提供混淆,抵抗差分攻击和线性攻击
- 线性层(行移位+列混淆):提供扩散,确保单个输入位影响多个输出位
- 密钥扩展:确保轮密钥之间的统计独立性
目前AES-128尚无实用的密码分析攻击,穷举2^128次密钥在计算上不可行。
复杂度分析
| 指标 | 复杂度 |
|---|---|
| 时间复杂度 | O(1) 每16字节分组(固定10轮) |
| 空间复杂度 | O(1) 辅助空间 |
| 轮密钥存储 | 176字节(11×16字节) |
总结
本文完整实现了AES-128的核心算法,包括密钥扩展、四轮变换和PKCS7填充。通过手写代码,读者可以深入理解分组密码的设计思想:混淆与扩散的完美结合。在实际工程中,建议使用Java标准库的javax.crypto.Cipher,但理解底层原理对于密码学安全至关重要。